3500BC |
Although the term “bureaucracy” was not coined until the mid 18th century, organized and consistent administrative systems are much older. The development of writing (ca. 3500 BC) and the use of documents was critical to the administration of this system, and the first definitive emergence of bureaucracy is in ancient Sumer, where an emergent class of scribes used clay tablets to administer the harvest and allocate its spoils. Ancient Egypt also had a hereditary class of scribes that administered the civil service bureaucracy (Beniger 1986, 24–25). |
300 bc Feedback |
control waterclock of Ctesibius of Alexandria. |
1420 Augmente |
d reality: Filippo Bruneleschi Experiemnt 1420 |
1519 Success |
ion of innovations in navigational and seafaring technology |
1614 John Na |
pier’s logarithms, essential ideas for the analog computer |
1617 John Na |
pier’s rods, essential ideas for the analog computer |
1620 Feedbac |
k thermostatic furnace devised by Cornelis Drebbel of Holland |
1630 William |
Oughtred’s rectilinear and circular slide rules, essential ideas for the computer |
1654 Modern |
sliding rule |
1684 Calculu |
s of Leibniz |
1687 Calculu |
s of Sir Isaac Newton |
1746 Float v |
alve |
1751 Tempera |
ture regulator |
1788 Centrif |
ugal governor |
1786 William |
Playfair invented several types of diagrams: in 1786 the line, area and bar chart of economic data. |
1777-1875 Critica |
l re-examination of foundations of mathematics, discovery of non-Euclidean geometries. Karl Friedrich Gauss |
1799 Pressur |
e regulator |
1780s Major u |
nderpinnings of a commercial control structure through commercial banks |
1788 Watt’s |
steam governor |
1792 Stock e |
xchange |
1800 Interch |
angeable parts |
1800 British |
shipping capacity exceeded 1.5 million tons |
1800 US syst |
em of bankruptcy |
1801 William |
Playfair invented the pie chart and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations. |